Supplementum I
THE WAR…
RESUME
During the "100 years of the Treaty of Neuilly: National dimensions and their impact on Sofia and the Sofia Region" National Conference, a poster exhibition dedicated to the First World War as part of the Regional History Museum – Sofia’s initiatives was organized by Konstantin Chakarov (RHM–Sofia) – a film director with 40 years of experience, creator of over 40 documentaries, and collector of vintage photographs.
Alexander Stanev
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EARLY MONUMENTSIN HONOR OF THE PERISHED IN THE WARS FOR NATIONAL UNIFICATION (1912–1918) IN THE SOFIA MUNICIPALITY
RESUME
The article examines the early military monuments (1914–1925) built in honor of those killed in the Wars of National Unification (1912–1913, 1915–1918) in the villages and former villages on the territory of Sofia Municipality. They are of the small pyramidal obelisk type. There are two groups of obelisks. The first belongs to the style of the luxurious tombstones of wealthy townspeople. Professional masters of European-style tombstones created the so-called “Sofia military obelisk style”. These monuments are discussed in detail in the article. An original obelisk style emerged in the former Novoselska District. It was created by local master stonemasons, who are successors to a local stonemasonry tradition from the 19th century. The question of the similarities between the statuary monuments in the village of Stara Vrazhdebna (1924), the town of Panagyurishte (1925) and the village of Bregovo (1927) is considered. It was probably created on the model of a military monument of the Ministry of War. One of the variants of the sculpture “Na nozh/Knives out” (1912) by the sculptor Ivan Lazarov (1889–1952) served as a model for the sculptural figure. Attention is also paid to the authors of the monuments, insofar as more accessible information about them is available.
Ilia Mechkov
SOFIA – CENTER OF REFUGEE ORGANIZATIONS FROM THE WESTERN OUTLANDS
RESUME
The purpose of this article is to present the role of the refugee organizations of the Bulgarians from the Western Outlands, established on the territory of the Bulgarian capital after the fragmentation of Bulgaria under the Treaty of Neuilly. The authors have used the rich documentary material kept in the Bulgarian state archives, part of which has already been published, as well as some printed editions related to the topic. In recent years, Bulgarian historiography more and more refers to the matter concerning the lives of these compatriots of ours who were separated on both sides of our western border after 1919, who gathered briefly in the years 1941–1944 and were separated again until today. But these publications do not fully reveal their woeful fate. With this announcement, we hope to open another gateway for future researchers.
Liudmila Zidarova, Elena Bugarcheva
THE TREATY OF NEUILLY AND THE ARMENIANS IN BULGARIA
RESUME
The Armenians, as ancient people, have inhabited their homeland, but also numerous other countries, due to the confluence of historical circumstances. Scattered around the world for centuries, they settled permanently in lands near and far from their historical homeland. There have been Armenian communities in Bulgaria and the Balkans for centuries. The aim of the present research is to present the situation of the Armenian community in Bulgaria after the end of the First World War (respectively after the Treaty of Neuilly – between Bulgaria and the victorious countries of the Entente). A new stage in the history of the Armenians on the Bulgarian lands began with the revival of the Bulgarian statehood after the Russo-Turkish War of Liberation 1877–1878. On March 3, 1878, in the peace treaty signed in San Stefano, decisions were made for both Bulgarians and Armenians. Unfortunately for the Armenians, these and subsequent decisions remain only on paper, while the Bulgarians, despite the historical vicissitudes, managed to build and consolidate the Bulgarian state. The Liberation of Bulgaria found a relatively small Armenian community in the larger cities such as Plovdiv, Varna, Ruse, Shumen, Burgas, Silistra and others. As a result of the waves of refugees, especially after the massacres in the Ottoman Empire, in 1894–1896, 1915, 1922, the number of Armenians in the country increased. A part of the Armenians passes through Bulgaria and permanently settle in other countries, and those who remain in this territory perceive it as their homeland, live and work with appreciation for the hospitable Bulgarian people. Some of the refugees stay forever with the hope that they will one day move to their historical homeland.
Goar Hnkanosyan
UNKNOWN SITES ON THE ACTIVITIES OF AMERICAN YOUTH CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES IN BULGARIA
RESUME
This article tries to reveal one little-known period of Bulgarian-American relations. It is dedicated to the US Christian Youth Societies and their educational activities in Bulgaria during one of the most difficult political and economical periods – after the end of the First World War. The representatives of these organizations and their serious efforts achieved remarkable success in education by using one of the most advanced methods at that time in its curriculum and giving hundreds Russian and Bulgarian youth professional realization.
Petko Mangatchev
ANCIENT PLACE NAMES OF TSARIBROD REGION
RESUME
When we speak of Western Bulgarian Outlands, we encompass the areas currently or formerly populated by ethnic Bulgarians that have remained outside of Bulgaria's present borders. After The Treaty of Neuilly from 1919, most of the settlements in the former Tsaribrod District remained outside the state.
The subject of the present study will be local (place and water) names or microtoponyms from 34 settlements currently located in neighboring Serbia, which formerly formed the Tsaribrod administrative region and are now distributed between different Serb districts. The great majority of place names were excerpted from written sources. The performed etymological and onomastic analysis of 3000 microtoponyms from the Tsaribrod region could be summarized as follows: ancient name layers; the linguistic singularities of the toponyms are characteristic of a much earlier archaic stage of the development of our language and this attests to their antiquity. The study of the origin and significance of the researched microtoponyms from the Tsaribrod and Pirot regions has led me to the conclusion that the local names follow the characteristics of contemporary Bulgarian naming systems (toponymyc and anthroponymyc).
The majority of the microtoponyms presented here have preserved lexis or anthroponyms in their root for which there are exact parallels in Bulgarian toponymy, both in the neighboring areas to the east and in more remote places with an ancient Bulgarian population. The toponymyc data basically confirms the unity of the Bulgarian language in spite of all the later influences and the often aggressive politics of assimilation imposed by neighboring states.
Anna Choleva-Dimitrova
THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OF SOFIA IN THE 1920S
RESUME
The study traces the development of Sofia's parks and gardens in the ten years after the end of the First World War. The influence of economic and social conditions characteristic of the post-war period was sought. It was found that the beginning of the period is part of a decade of stagnation, and its middle and end are associated with the beginning of a gradual transformation of the fragile structure and presence of the green system of Sofia to a powerful urban element with a structural role. The study emphasizes the importance of the period for the formation of some iconic gardens today.
Maria Gurkova
ACTIONS AGAINST TREATY OF NEUILLY: 1989–1997 (REVIVAL OF PROTESTS ON NOVEMBER 27 FROM THE MACEDONIAN YOUTH ORGANIZATION)
RESUME
The protests against the Treaty of Neuilly which took place from 1989 to 1997 have not been studied as part of scientific research so far. The topic cannot be found in the memoire literature of this time period either. Therefore, the objective of this article is to present the unknown memories of the author and the other participants who took part in the protests against the dictatorship in the capital which were resumed by the Macedonian Youth Organization since10th November 1989. On the basis of these recollections a more in-depth research can be carried out in relation to the genesis of the outburst of rage against the treaty since 1919, the reasons behind it and the outcomes. The transformation of the protests taking place in the capital to a nationwide phenomenon is the result of the urge to break the chains of the ban that has been oppressing them for 45 years. However, this is not the only reason. In our society that has been torn apart by contradictions the empathy with the people outside of the country borders was the only unifying element. The apocalypse in 1997 has put an end to it too. As a result of which, this year has been selected as the borderline for the period under study. After this point, people who had once shared the same ideas and have taken part in the protests against the Treaty of Neilly became ‘rivals’ competing for more followers. As if the separation imposed by the Treaty if Neuilly was not enough and we had to grow apart even more and more until we completely disappear as a nation and a state. The proof that nothing and no one has been forgotten came from the Bulgarian immigrants. The rage against the ‘source of evil’, as the Treaty of Neuilly has been defined since the beginning, has spread beyond the borders outlined by it. The 100th anniversary of the Treaty of Neuilly shows that the participants in the protests in Bulgaria, have taken these actions against the dictatorship into the new world. This proves that a century is not enough to wipe out the unrighteousness that has been done to us.
Evgeniy Ekov
Editions
Contents of number 1
Contents of number 5
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